Human universals (Universales humanos) by Donald E. Brown


Human universals by Donald E. Brown:


  • abstraction in speech and thought
  • actions under self-control distinguished from those not under control
  • aesthetics
  • affection expressed and felt
  • age grades
  • age statuses
  • age terms
  • ambivalence
  • anthropomorphization
  • antonyms
  • baby talk
  • belief in supernatural/religion
  • beliefs, false
  • beliefs about death
  • beliefs about disease
  • beliefs about fortune and misfortune
  • binary cognitive distinctions
  • biological mother and social mother normally the same person
  • black (color term)
  • body adornment
  • childbirth customs
  • childcare
  • childhood fears
  • childhood fear of loud noises
  • childhood fear of strangers
  • choice making (choosing alternatives)
  • classification
  • classification of age
  • classification of behavioral propensities
  • classification of body parts
  • classification of colors
  • classification of fauna
  • classification of flora
  • classification of inner states
  • classification of kin
  • classification of sex
  • classification of space
  • classification of tools
  • classification of weather conditions
  • coalitions
  • collective identities
  • conflict
  • conflict, consultation to deal with
  • conflict, means of dealing with
  • conflict, meditation of
  • conjectural reasoning
  • containers
  • continua (ordering as cognitive pattern)
  • contrasting marked and nonmarked sememes (meaningful elements in language)
  • cooking
  • cooperation
  • cooperative labor
  • copulation normally conducted in privacy
  • corporate (perpetual statuses)
  • coyness display
  • crying
  • cultural variability
  • culture
  • culture/nature distinction
  • customary greetings
  • daily routines
  • dance
  • death rituals
  • decision making
  • decision making, collective
  • directions, giving of
  • discrepancies between speech, thought, and action
  • dispersed groups
  • distinguishing right and wrong
  • diurnality
  • divination
  • division of labor
  • division of labor by age
  • division of labor by sex
  • dreams
  • dream interpretation
  • economic inequalities
  • economic inequalities, consciousness of
  • emotions
  • empathy
  • entification (treating patterns and relations as things)
  • environment, adjustments to
  • envy
  • envy, symbolic means of coping with
  • ethnocentrism
  • etiquette
  • explanation
  • face (word for)
  • facial communication
  • facial expression of anger
  • facial expression of contempt
  • facial expression of disgust
  • facial expression of fear
  • facial expression of happiness
  • facial expression of sadness
  • facial expression of surprise
  • facial expressions, masking/modifying of
  • family (or household)
  • father and mother, separate kin terms for
  • fears
  • fears, ability to overcome some
  • feasting
  • females do more direct childcare
  • figurative speech
  • fire
  • folklore
  • food preferences
  • food sharing
  • future, attempts to predict
  • generosity admired
  • gestures
  • gift giving
  • good and bad distinguished
  • gossip
  • government
  • grammar
  • group living
  • groups that are not based on family
  • hairstyles
  • hand (word for)
  • healing the sick (or attempting to)
  • hospitality
  • hygienic care
  • identity, collective
  • incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed
  • incest, prevention or avoidance
  • in-group distinguished from out-group(s)
  • inheritance rules
  • insulting
  • intention
  • interest in bioforms (living things or things that resemble them)
  • interpreting behavior
  • intertwining (e.g., weaving)
  • jokes
  • kin, close distinguished from distant
  • kin groups
  • kin terms translatable by basic relations of procreation
  • kinship statuses
  • language
  • language employed to manipulate others
  • language employed to misinform or mislead
  • language is translatable
  • language not a simple reflection of reality
  • language, prestige from proficient use of
  • law (rights and obligations)
  • law (rules of membership)
  • leaders
  • lever
  • linguistic redundancy
  • logical notions
  • logical notion of “and”
  • logical notion of “equivalent”
  • logical notion of “not”
  • logical notion of “opposite”
  • logical notion of “part/whole”
  • logical notion of “same”
  • magic
  • magic to increase life
  • magic to sustain life
  • magic to win love
  • male and female and adult and child seen as having different *natures
  • males dominate public/political realm
  • males more aggressive
  • males more prone to lethal violence
  • males more prone to theft
  • manipulate social relations
  • marking at phonemic, syntactic, and lexical levels
  • marriage
  • materialism
  • meal times
  • meaning, most units of are non-universal
  • measuring
  • medicine
  • melody
  • memory
  • metaphor
  • metonym
  • mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances
  • morphenes
  • mother normally has consort during child-rearing years
  • mourning
  • murder proscribed
  • music
  • music, children’s
  • music related in part to dance
  • music related in part to religious activity
  • music seen as art (a creation)
  • music, vocal
  • music, vocal, includes speech forms
  • musical redundancy
  • musical repetition
  • musical variation
  • myths
  • narrative
  • nomenclature (perhaps the same as classification)
  • nonbodily decorative art
  • normal distinguished from abnormal states
  • nouns
  • numerals (counting)
  • Oedipus complex
  • oligarchy (de facto)
  • one (numeral)
  • onomatopoeia
  • oversestimating objectivity of thought
  • pain
  • past/present/future
  • person, concept of
  • personal names
  • phonemes
  • phonemes defined by sets of minimally contrasting features
  • phonemes, merging of
  • phonemes, range from 10 to 70 in number
  • phonemic changes, inevitability of
  • phonemic change, rules of
  • phonemic system
  • planning
  • planning for future
  • play
  • play to perfect skills
  • poetry/rhetoric
  • poetic line, uniform length range
  • poetic lines characterized by repetition and variation
  • poetic lines demarcated by pauses
  • polysemy (one word has several related meanings)
  • possessive, intimate
  • possessive, loose
  • practice to improve skills
  • preference for own children and close kin (nepotism)
  • prestige inequalities
  • private inner life
  • promise
  • pronouns
  • pronouns, minimum two numbers
  • pronouns, minimum three persons
  • proper names
  • property
  • psychological defence mechanisms
  • rape
  • rape proscribed
  • reciprocal exchanges (of labor, goods, or services)
  • reciprocity, negative (revenge, retaliation)
  • reciprocity, positive
  • recognition of individuals by face
  • redress of wrongs
  • rhythm
  • right-handedness as population norm
  • rites of passage
  • rituals
  • role and personality seen in dynamic interrelationship (i.e., *departures from role can be explained in terms of individual personality)
  • sanctions
  • sanctions for crimes against the collectivity
  • sanctions include removal from the social unit
  • self distinguished from other
  • self as neither wholly passive nor wholly autonomous
  • self as subject and object
  • self is responsible
  • semantics
  • semantic category of affecting things and people
  • semantic category of dimension
  • semantic category of giving
  • semantic category of location
  • semantic category of motion
  • semantic category of speed
  • semantic category of other physical properties
  • semantic components
  • semantic components, generation
  • semantic components, sex
  • sememes, commonly used ones are short, infrequently used ones are longer
  • sense unified
  • sex (gender) terminology is fundamentally binary
  • sex statuses
  • sexual attraction
  • sexual attractiveness
  • sexual jealousy
  • sexual modesty
  • sexual regulation
  • sexual regulation includes incest prevention
  • sexuality as focus of interest
  • shelter
  • sickness and death seen as related
  • snakes, wariness around
  • social structure
  • socialization
  • socialization expected from senior kin
  • socialization includes toilet training
  • spear
  • special speech for special occasions
  • statuses and roles
  • statuses, ascribed and achieved
  • statuses distinguished from individuals
  • statuses on other then sex, age, or kinship bases
  • stop/nonstop contrasts (in speech sounds)
  • succession
  • sweets preferred
  • symbolism
  • symbolic speech
  • synonyms
  • taboos
  • tabooed foods
  • tabooed utterances
  • taxonomy
  • territoriality
  • time
  • time, cyclicity of
  • tools
  • tool dependency
  • tool making
  • tools for cutting
  • tools to make tools
  • tools patterned culturally
  • tools, permanent
  • tools for pounding
  • trade
  • triangular awareness (assessing relationships among the self and two other people)
  • true and fake distinguished
  • turn-taking
  • two (numeral)
  • tying material (i.e., something like string)
  • units of time
  • verbs
  • violence, some forms proscribed
  • visiting
  • vocalic/nonvocalic contrasts in phonemes
  • vowel contrasts
  • weaning
  • weapons
  • weather control (attempts to)
  • white (color term)
  • world view
Añadidos desde 1989
  • anticipation
  • attachment
  • critical learning periods
  • differential valuations
  • dominance/submission
  • fairness (equity), concept of
  • fear of death
  • habituation
  • hope
  • husband older than wife on average
  • imagery
  • institutions (organized co-activities)
  • intention
  • interpolation
  • judging others
  • likes and dislikes
  • making comparisons
  • males, on average, travel greater distances over lifetime
  • males engage in more coalitional violence
  • mental maps
  • mentalese
  • moral sentiments
  • moral sentiments, limited effective range of
  • precedence, concept of (that’s how the leopard got its spots)
  • pretend play
  • pride
  • proverbs, sayings
  • proverbs, sayings–in mutually contradictory forms
  • resistance to abuse of power, to dominance
  • risk-taking
  • self-control
  • self-image, awareness of (concern for what others think)
  • self-image, wanted to be positive
  • sex differences in spatial cognition and behavior
  • shame
  • stinginess, disapproval of
  • sucking wounds
  • synesthetic metaphors
  • thumb sucking
  • tickling
  • toys, playthings

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