Human universals by Donald E. Brown:
- abstraction in speech and thought
- actions under self-control distinguished from those not under control
- aesthetics
- affection expressed and felt
- age grades
- age statuses
- age terms
- ambivalence
- anthropomorphization
- antonyms
- baby talk
- belief in supernatural/religion
- beliefs, false
- beliefs about death
- beliefs about disease
- beliefs about fortune and misfortune
- binary cognitive distinctions
- biological mother and social mother normally the same person
- black (color term)
- body adornment
- childbirth customs
- childcare
- childhood fears
- childhood fear of loud noises
- childhood fear of strangers
- choice making (choosing alternatives)
- classification
- classification of age
- classification of behavioral propensities
- classification of body parts
- classification of colors
- classification of fauna
- classification of flora
- classification of inner states
- classification of kin
- classification of sex
- classification of space
- classification of tools
- classification of weather conditions
- coalitions
- collective identities
- conflict
- conflict, consultation to deal with
- conflict, means of dealing with
- conflict, meditation of
- conjectural reasoning
- containers
- continua (ordering as cognitive pattern)
- contrasting marked and nonmarked sememes (meaningful elements in language)
- cooking
- cooperation
- cooperative labor
- copulation normally conducted in privacy
- corporate (perpetual statuses)
- coyness display
- crying
- cultural variability
- culture
- culture/nature distinction
- customary greetings
- daily routines
- dance
- death rituals
- decision making
- decision making, collective
- directions, giving of
- discrepancies between speech, thought, and action
- dispersed groups
- distinguishing right and wrong
- diurnality
- divination
- division of labor
- division of labor by age
- division of labor by sex
- dreams
- dream interpretation
- economic inequalities
- economic inequalities, consciousness of
- emotions
- empathy
- entification (treating patterns and relations as things)
- environment, adjustments to
- envy
- envy, symbolic means of coping with
- ethnocentrism
- etiquette
- explanation
- face (word for)
- facial communication
- facial expression of anger
- facial expression of contempt
- facial expression of disgust
- facial expression of fear
- facial expression of happiness
- facial expression of sadness
- facial expression of surprise
- facial expressions, masking/modifying of
- family (or household)
- father and mother, separate kin terms for
- fears
- fears, ability to overcome some
- feasting
- females do more direct childcare
- figurative speech
- fire
- folklore
- food preferences
- food sharing
- future, attempts to predict
- generosity admired
- gestures
- gift giving
- good and bad distinguished
- gossip
- government
- grammar
- group living
- groups that are not based on family
- hairstyles
- hand (word for)
- healing the sick (or attempting to)
- hospitality
- hygienic care
- identity, collective
- incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed
- incest, prevention or avoidance
- in-group distinguished from out-group(s)
- inheritance rules
- insulting
- intention
- interest in bioforms (living things or things that resemble them)
- interpreting behavior
- intertwining (e.g., weaving)
- jokes
- kin, close distinguished from distant
- kin groups
- kin terms translatable by basic relations of procreation
- kinship statuses
- language
- language employed to manipulate others
- language employed to misinform or mislead
- language is translatable
- language not a simple reflection of reality
- language, prestige from proficient use of
- law (rights and obligations)
- law (rules of membership)
- leaders
- lever
- linguistic redundancy
- logical notions
- logical notion of “and”
- logical notion of “equivalent”
- logical notion of “not”
- logical notion of “opposite”
- logical notion of “part/whole”
- logical notion of “same”
- magic
- magic to increase life
- magic to sustain life
- magic to win love
- male and female and adult and child seen as having different *natures
- males dominate public/political realm
- males more aggressive
- males more prone to lethal violence
- males more prone to theft
- manipulate social relations
- marking at phonemic, syntactic, and lexical levels
- marriage
- materialism
- meal times
- meaning, most units of are non-universal
- measuring
- medicine
- melody
- memory
- metaphor
- metonym
- mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances
- morphenes
- mother normally has consort during child-rearing years
- mourning
- murder proscribed
- music
- music, children’s
- music related in part to dance
- music related in part to religious activity
- music seen as art (a creation)
- music, vocal
- music, vocal, includes speech forms
- musical redundancy
- musical repetition
- musical variation
- myths
- narrative
- nomenclature (perhaps the same as classification)
- nonbodily decorative art
- normal distinguished from abnormal states
- nouns
- numerals (counting)
- Oedipus complex
- oligarchy (de facto)
- one (numeral)
- onomatopoeia
- oversestimating objectivity of thought
- pain
- past/present/future
- person, concept of
- personal names
- phonemes
- phonemes defined by sets of minimally contrasting features
- phonemes, merging of
- phonemes, range from 10 to 70 in number
- phonemic changes, inevitability of
- phonemic change, rules of
- phonemic system
- planning
- planning for future
- play
- play to perfect skills
- poetry/rhetoric
- poetic line, uniform length range
- poetic lines characterized by repetition and variation
- poetic lines demarcated by pauses
- polysemy (one word has several related meanings)
- possessive, intimate
- possessive, loose
- practice to improve skills
- preference for own children and close kin (nepotism)
- prestige inequalities
- private inner life
- promise
- pronouns
- pronouns, minimum two numbers
- pronouns, minimum three persons
- proper names
- property
- psychological defence mechanisms
- rape
- rape proscribed
- reciprocal exchanges (of labor, goods, or services)
- reciprocity, negative (revenge, retaliation)
- reciprocity, positive
- recognition of individuals by face
- redress of wrongs
- rhythm
- right-handedness as population norm
- rites of passage
- rituals
- role and personality seen in dynamic interrelationship (i.e., *departures from role can be explained in terms of individual personality)
- sanctions
- sanctions for crimes against the collectivity
- sanctions include removal from the social unit
- self distinguished from other
- self as neither wholly passive nor wholly autonomous
- self as subject and object
- self is responsible
- semantics
- semantic category of affecting things and people
- semantic category of dimension
- semantic category of giving
- semantic category of location
- semantic category of motion
- semantic category of speed
- semantic category of other physical properties
- semantic components
- semantic components, generation
- semantic components, sex
- sememes, commonly used ones are short, infrequently used ones are longer
- sense unified
- sex (gender) terminology is fundamentally binary
- sex statuses
- sexual attraction
- sexual attractiveness
- sexual jealousy
- sexual modesty
- sexual regulation
- sexual regulation includes incest prevention
- sexuality as focus of interest
- shelter
- sickness and death seen as related
- snakes, wariness around
- social structure
- socialization
- socialization expected from senior kin
- socialization includes toilet training
- spear
- special speech for special occasions
- statuses and roles
- statuses, ascribed and achieved
- statuses distinguished from individuals
- statuses on other then sex, age, or kinship bases
- stop/nonstop contrasts (in speech sounds)
- succession
- sweets preferred
- symbolism
- symbolic speech
- synonyms
- taboos
- tabooed foods
- tabooed utterances
- taxonomy
- territoriality
- time
- time, cyclicity of
- tools
- tool dependency
- tool making
- tools for cutting
- tools to make tools
- tools patterned culturally
- tools, permanent
- tools for pounding
- trade
- triangular awareness (assessing relationships among the self and two other people)
- true and fake distinguished
- turn-taking
- two (numeral)
- tying material (i.e., something like string)
- units of time
- verbs
- violence, some forms proscribed
- visiting
- vocalic/nonvocalic contrasts in phonemes
- vowel contrasts
- weaning
- weapons
- weather control (attempts to)
- white (color term)
- world view
Añadidos desde 1989
- anticipation
- attachment
- critical learning periods
- differential valuations
- dominance/submission
- fairness (equity), concept of
- fear of death
- habituation
- hope
- husband older than wife on average
- imagery
- institutions (organized co-activities)
- intention
- interpolation
- judging others
- likes and dislikes
- making comparisons
- males, on average, travel greater distances over lifetime
- males engage in more coalitional violence
- mental maps
- mentalese
- moral sentiments
- moral sentiments, limited effective range of
- precedence, concept of (that’s how the leopard got its spots)
- pretend play
- pride
- proverbs, sayings
- proverbs, sayings–in mutually contradictory forms
- resistance to abuse of power, to dominance
- risk-taking
- self-control
- self-image, awareness of (concern for what others think)
- self-image, wanted to be positive
- sex differences in spatial cognition and behavior
- shame
- stinginess, disapproval of
- sucking wounds
- synesthetic metaphors
- thumb sucking
- tickling
- toys, playthings
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